Al-milal Wa — Al-nihal English Pdf

This section covers groups with a revealed scripture or "People of the Book," including Muslims, Jews, and Christians.

Unlike many medieval works that sought to "refute" other faiths, al-Shahrastani aimed to describe them as they were understood by their own adherents. al-milal wa al-nihal english pdf

He organized beliefs based on their theological foundations rather than just geographical locations, a method that predates modern comparative religion by centuries. This section covers groups with a revealed scripture

(The Book of Sects and Creeds) is a foundational text in the history of religions and Islamic theology. Written by the Persian scholar Muhammad al-Shahrastani (d. 1153 CE) around 1127–1128, it is often cited as the first systematic and non-polemical study of global religions. (The Book of Sects and Creeds) is a

While the original Arabic text is widely available, English versions are often published as specific sections or academic papers:

Al-Shahrastani’s work is uniquely structured into two main parts: