On Windows or macOS, you must explicitly grant apps permission to use the camera. Go to Settings > Privacy > Camera and ensure "Allow apps to access your camera" is toggled ON.

It sounds obvious, but many modern laptops and external webcams have a physical sliding cover. Ensure it’s fully open.

Never sit with a window behind you; you’ll become a dark silhouette. Place your light source in front of your face.

If your internet is struggling, go into your app settings (like Teams or Skype) and drop the output from 1080p to 720p. It will look slightly less sharp but will stop the "frozen screen" effect. Phase 4: Improving the Visuals